Current Issue

According to the NSSO 78th round of 2020-21, 29.1% of people are migrants in India, out of which 34.6% are urban migrants and 26.8% are rural migrants. The migration rate in urban areas is 8.4% higher than that in rural areas. The rate of internal migration varies from state to state and city to city. Variation in migration is accelerated by differences in agricultural growth, socioeconomic changes, and industrial growth. This is reflected in states /cities such as Maharashtra, Gurgaon, Pune, Hyderabad, and Bengaluru, which attract large migrant populations. The booming economy of Bengaluru has become a magnet for migrants, who have transformed the city's demographic and economic profile. The analysis was conducted using secondary data from the Census of India Reports (1991, 2001, and 2011) and NSSO Reports (2001 and 2021), to understand the trends, extent and reasons of migration in Bengaluru and Karnataka. It was found from the analysis that around 87.7% of migration in Karnataka is intra-state, with only 12.3% inter-state migration. Bengaluru (19.4%) had the highest migration rate, followed by Belgaum (8.68%), and Kodagu (1.02%). This indicates that in Karnataka there is a need to develop other districts to decrease the pressure of migration in a few districts of Karnataka, specifically Bengaluru. The main reason for migration to Bengaluru is employment, followed by family movement. The findings highlight that Bengaluru attracts migrants primarily for economic reasons, and the surge in migration is largely due to its thriving IT industry. Key words: Migration, Immigration, Bengaluru, Karnataka., Census of India.

The readymade garment industry in India employs the majority of women and gives nearly 4% of India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The readymade garment industry in India now engages around 12 million people, making it the largest employer across all sectors. Everything that affects an employee in an organization is considered part of its culture. Every showroom has a unique culture. Their stress levels could be a reflection of this, which may have an impact on both organizational and individual productivity. The majority of employees experience different types of stress at work. Stress among employees not only undermines the enterprise but also has an impact on individual jobs and families. Sample area for this study included 11 taluks and municipalities in district of virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu. 380 respondent has selected by the researcher were chosen from the 4150 total population using the proportionate stratified sample procedure. Employee stress levels and working conditions were evaluated by using percentage analysis, descriptive analysis, and one-way ANOVA. The majority of workers deal with constant disruptions, a lack of fellow employees, and stress at work. So, the scholar has planned to commence this study to overwhelm the above problems. Keywords: Work overload, Employees’ Stress, Organizational Culture, Readymade showrooms.

The quality of railway services significantly influences passenger satisfaction and travel experience. This study investigates passenger perceptions of service quality dimensions in South Western Railway, focusing on aspects such as reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibility. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires from 200 passengers traveling on various routes, capturing their experiences and expectations. The findings reveal that passengers perceive reliability and assurance as the most critical dimensions affecting their satisfaction, while tangibility aspects such as station facilities and cleanliness received moderate ratings. Responsiveness and empathy were found to influence loyalty and willingness to recommend services, highlighting the importance of staff behavior and prompt assistance. The study provides actionable insights for railway management to enhance service quality by prioritizing passenger-centric measures and infrastructure improvements. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of service quality perception in the Indian railway context and offer practical recommendations for improving overall passenger satisfaction.
Key Words: Passenger Perception, Service Quality, South Western Railway, Reliability, Customer Satisfaction

The issue of sustainability for the environment is becoming a major problem in the modern world due to the growing number of environmental issues which include the impact of climate change, environmental pollution and diminishing resources for the environment. People are slowly becoming aware of the importance of using environmentally friendly products and practices. This study examines the connection between awareness of sustainability and eco-friendly practices used by urban consumers. This study examines how the level of consumers' ecological awareness influences their choice in purchasing products that are sustainable. The study's data was collected through a survey created by researchers. It was later given to people in urban areas. This research studies the effects on environmental awareness as well as the attitudes of customers towards environmentally friendly products and also the potential to shop for items that are eco-friendly. Research suggests that an increasing awareness of the advantages of being sustainable positively influences purchasing practices that are green. The people who are more conscious of environmental concerns prefer to purchase eco-friendly products. This study shows that green strategies in marketing are essential, just as the consumer's awareness on the importance of sustainable consumption.
Keywords sustainable awareness Sustainable purchase behaviour among Urban Consumers, Green Marketing, Sustainable Consumption

The term ‘Gender mainstream’ was defined by ECOSOC in 1997, and the United Nations has been emphasizing gender equality for more than 30 years. But only 14 countries worldwide offer full legal protection to women, according to the report ‘Women, business and the law 2023’, recently published by the World Bank (2023). In terms of gender inequality, India ranks 108th out of 193 countries in the 2022 Gender Inequality Index (Diya Mehta, 2024). Moreover, the concept of empowerment is mostly associated with an alternative approach to developing local and cross-rooted community-based initiatives; then it was realised that women's empowerment is an essential effort for community development. So that women's empowerment has been on the minds of a number of development study scholars and practitioners, most notably (Batliwala, 1993), (Kabeer, 1994), Jo Rowlands (1997), and Haleh Ashfar (1998). In light of the aforementioned understanding, this study aims to explore the social contributions of fisherwomen in Pulicat, as well as the changes that have taken place within the community. For that purpose, the researcher adopted a qualitative research approach and used focus groups and in-depth interviews to collect data from fisherwomen who have been members of SHGs in the Pazhaverkadu villages of Tamil Nadu. The samples were selected through purposive sampling for In-depth Interviews and Volunteer sampling for focus group discussions. The study found that women's empowerment is reflected in village development.
Key Words: Social development, Women empowerment, SHGs, Fisher women, Pazhaverkadu

Entrepreneurs' inclusion is essential to creating sustainable economic growth through encouraging those from different categories and underrepresented. This research examines the impact of policies and laws to encourage an inclusive culture of entrepreneurialism for entrepreneurs who are looking to become successful and examines accessibility, awareness, and the difficulties of implementing. The research uses the analytical as well as descriptive method using secondary information collected from policy documents, as well as research conducted by scholars. It is evident that programs such as Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana Startup India, Stand-Up India as and a range of training programs have dramatically improved accessibility to banking services and improving entrepreneurial skills and also encouraged innovation and boosted the efficiency of the digital economy. Visual analysis also highlights positive trends in the field of employment, as well as digital transactions and efficiency in innovation, demonstrating the effectiveness increasing of these programs. However, the study exposes the biggest obstacles to overcome, such as the lack of knowledge of students regarding this process and its complexity and inefficiencies within institutions the digital divide and gender disparities that hinder the ability to make effective use of these strategies. The gap between the perception and actual participation in the process highlights the need for more effective communication and implementation strategies. The study's findings suggest focused awareness campaigns, as also streamlined procedures and stronger institutional support to enhance the effectiveness of inclusive entrepreneurs

Sustainable marketing has emerged as an important strategy for organizations with a focus on economic development, as well as social and environmental well-being. In recent times, private labels have emerged as an important trend in the retail industry, as they are cost-effective, of good quality, and are well-positioned in consumers' minds. Retail organizations are increasingly adopting sustainable marketing strategies, including green packaging, ethical procurement, waste reduction, and sustainable production practices. This is in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12, which focuses on responsible consumption and production patterns. The main objective of this study is to explore the factors affecting consumers' purchase intention for sustainable private label products in South Tamil Nadu. The factors include consumers' concern for the environment, quality of products, price perception, and brand trust. For conducting this study, a descriptive research design is used, and primary data is collected through a structured questionnaire survey, where a sample size of 135 respondents is selected through convenience sampling. Percentage analysis, mean score analysis, correlation, and regression analysis are some of the statistical tools used in this research. The results of the research indicate that the most influential factor in consumer purchase intention is environmental concern, followed by product quality. Price perception and brand trust are also influential, though to a lesser degree. This research highlights the importance of sustainable marketing, which affects consumer behavior and helps build trust in the brand, thus achieving the sustainable development goals.
Keywords: Sustainable Marketing, Private Labels, Consumer Behaviour, Sustainable Development Goals, Responsible Consumption

This study analyzes the efficacy of the government's schemes to promote livestock-based incomes for tribes within Tamil Nadu and identifies key issues in their implementation that hinder their impact for the long run. Government initiatives like NSTFDC credit schemes, TRIFED interventions livestock distribution programs, as well as vet assistance have all played an important part in providing the first opportunities for tribal families to earn a living. These programs have helped in generating income as well as asset creation and increased access to resources. However, their viability is limited due to a variety of reasons, such as a the lack of awareness, a lack of reach, insufficient follow-up support and weak linkages to the market. The study focuses on essential values like sustainability, inclusion empowerment, equity, and sustainability in the development of tribal communities. The study argues that development efforts must not only concentrate on distribution of assets but should also be able to provide ongoing support, capacity building and strengthening of institutions. In this light the paper suggests collaborative entrepreneurship approach as an effective approach to increase the impact of livelihoods. This method encourages the concept of shared investment, collective responsibility and risk-sharing mechanisms thus reducing vulnerability for individuals and promoting community participation. In addition, the strategy improves market access, increases information sharing and promotes the long-term sustainability of tribes. The results show the importance of integrating collaborative strategies with existing government programs can help bridge gaps in implementation and improve efficiency. The study also highlights the importance of having a holistic participative, an inclusive development system that allows tribal communities to move from subsistence living to sustainable entrepreneurship and ensure sustainable and equitable growth.
Keywords Tribal Livelihood, Collaborative Entrepreneurship, Livestock Development, Government Schemes, Tamil Nadu

Railway ticketing systems in India still wrestling with issues like ticket impersonation, slow verification process, and over dependence on paper-based methods. This paper brings in a new idea of a Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI) empowered Smart Journey Access Card (SJAC) system, which will simplify secure, paperless, and efficient railway ticketing. SJAC is like a digital passport for railway passengers, a smart card integrated with a cloud-centric data management system. The system agents (AI) perform real-time verification of a passenger, check for frauds such as impersonations, and alert the railway security authorities immediately. The methodology that combines conceptual system design and workflow simulation is used to show the operations of online and offline ticket booking, as well as the real-time authentication done by Traveling Ticket Examiners (TTEs). The results reveal that the SJAC platform is a considerable improvement in operational efficiency, it helps to cut down the manual working time and at the same time it makes the ticketing system more secure by ensuring every ticket is given to a person who has been verified. Besides, this system is a green one as it supports sustainability by reducing paper consumption and facilitating digital travel. Generally, our proposal offers an Indian Railways ticketing system which can be scaled without difficulty and effective in the future when the needs and technologies change, Additionally, it fosters passenger confidence, and make their traveling more safe and secure. The addition of an AI-powered decision support system allows for better coordination, quick reaction to fraud, and planning based on data while also being in line with the objectives of smart transportation and digital transformation.
Keywords: Smart Journey Access Card (SJAC), Agentic AI, Railway Ticketing, Fraud Detection, Digital Identity, Paperless System, Passenger Verification

The Viksit Bharat 2047 vision of India requires the optimization of human capital in rural and Tier-2/3 colleges, where 3-year degree and 4-year engineering graduates have acute employability issues. The "Permanent Job Ideal"- culturally programmed desire to have the rare government jobs- makes this group of students even more lacking in career awareness, exposure, and skills, thus creating career indecision. This theoretical framework is focused on the students of rural origin, offering them interventions in semesters: 16PF personality assessment, cognitive restructuring myths against job security, compulsory certifications (NPTEL, NISM), and parental counseling in Year 1. The 20-30% indecision-reduction will be proven through the mixed-methods longitudinal studies and will establish the Employability Capital in the selection of the private-sector jobs in the field of IT, BFSI, and healthcare. The model focuses on the fundamental rural obstacles: lack of career literacy, parental pressure to get safe jobs in the government, lack of internships/networking, and lack of awareness about what skills to acquire. The Tier-2/3 institutions in the placement cells should shift the outreach quantity in corporations to a student readiness quality through gatekeeper protocols and competency passports. This framework will change the results on employability, as future studies will be longitudinal and track rural cohorts. To meet SDGs 4, 8 and 9, it is necessary to deconstruct employment myths, enabling rural graduates, who constitute the demographic majority in India, to be competent enough to work in the private sector.
Keywords: Rural Employability, Tier-2/3 Colleges, Permanent Job Ideal, 16PF Personality Test, Viksit Bharat 2047, Career Indecision, Extension Guidance.

Entrepreneurship education has emerged as a critical mechanism through which academic institutions contribute to the development of innovative startup ecosystems. Universities are no longer limited to their traditional roles of teaching, exams or research but are increasingly expected to cultivate entrepreneurial mindsets, innovation capabilities, and startup oriented competencies among students and faculty. This study examines the prominence of entrepreneurship education in academia and its role in encouraging the evolution of innovative startup ecosystems. Adopting a quantitative, cross-sectional research design, data will be collected from students, faculty and academicians using structured questionnaire. The study analyzes how entrepreneurship education, experiential learning and institutional support influence entrepreneurial intention, innovation capability and perceived startup ecosystem development. The findings are expected to provide empirical evidence on the involvement of entrepreneurship education to startup creation and innovation, offering valuable implications for academic institutions, policy makers and educators seeking to strengthen university-led innovation ecosystems.
Key words: Entrepreneurship education; Universities; Startups; Innovation ecosystems